Indirect standardization : Indirect standardization is a statistical method used to compare rates or proportions between two or more groups while controlling for the effects of confounding variables. This method is commonly used in epidemiological studies to compare the incidence or prevalence of a certain disease or condition between different population groups. An example of […]

Indirect least squares : Indirect least squares (ILS) is a statistical method used to estimate the parameters of a model when there is a non-linear relationship between the dependent and independent variables. This method is commonly used in econometric and finance applications where the true relationship between the variables is unknown or difficult to directly […]

Indicator variable : An indicator variable, also known as a dummy variable, is a type of binary variable that takes on only two values: 0 and 1. This variable is often used in statistical modeling to represent the presence or absence of a certain characteristic or category. For example, consider a study on the effects […]

Index plot : An index plot is a graph that is used to display the trends and changes in a dataset over a certain period of time. This type of plot is commonly used in finance and economics to visualize the performance of a stock or other financial instrument over time. The x-axis of an […]

Index number : An index number is a statistical measure that represents the changes in a particular economic or financial variable over time. It is typically used to compare the current value of a variable with its value in a previous period, allowing for the analysis of trends and patterns. One example of an index […]

Independent component analysis (ICA) : Independent component analysis (ICA) is a statistical method used in signal processing to separate a multivariate signal into its independent components. This technique is often used in the fields of neuroscience, engineering, and finance to extract meaningful information from complex data sets. One example of ICA is in the analysis […]

Independence : Independence in probability refers to the concept that the outcome of one event does not affect the outcome of another event. In other words, the probability of an event occurring remains the same, regardless of any other events that may have occurred previously. One example of independence in probability is flipping a coin. […]

Incubation period : The incubation period refers to the time it takes for symptoms of a disease to appear after an individual has been exposed to a pathogen. This period can vary greatly depending on the type of disease and the individual’s susceptibility to infection. One example of an incubation period is the flu. After […]

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria : Inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria are essential components of clinical research studies. These criteria help researchers to define the population they want to study, identify participants who are eligible to participate in the study, and exclude those who are not suitable for the study. Inclusion criteria are the characteristics or […]

Incidental Parameter Problem : The incidental parameter problem, also known as the “nuisance parameter” problem, arises when researchers are trying to estimate the effects of an independent variable on a dependent variable, but other variables (incidental parameters) are also present and may influence the results. This can lead to biased or misleading estimates of the […]