Censored regression models : Censored regression models are a type of statistical model used to analyze data where the dependent variable is censored, or not fully observed. This occurs when the data has a lower or upper limit, such as in the case of survey responses where participants can only choose from a limited range […]

Ceiling effect : The ceiling effect is a phenomenon that occurs when the upper limit or ceiling of a measuring scale is reached, and there is no further room for improvement or increase in the measured variable. This can lead to a skewed or inaccurate representation of the data, as the true ability or performance […]

Causality : Causality in statistics refers to the relationship between two variables, where one variable (the cause) has an effect on the other variable (the outcome). In other words, causality is the concept that the relationship between two variables is not simply a correlation, but that one variable directly affects the other. Causality is a […]

Categorical Variable : A categorical variable is a type of data that can be divided into distinct categories or groups. This type of variable is often used in statistical analysis to classify and analyze data based on specific characteristics or attributes. Categorical variables are often used in survey research and marketing research to understand customer […]

Categorical distribution : Categorical distribution is a type of probability distribution that involves a set of possible categories or outcomes. It is often used to model the probability of an outcome occurring within a certain category. For example, if we were to toss a coin, the possible outcomes would be heads or tails, and the […]

Catastrophe theory : Catastrophe theory is a branch of mathematics that deals with the sudden, drastic changes in the behavior of systems. It was first developed by mathematician Rene Thom in the 1960s and has since been applied to various fields such as physics, engineering, economics, and social sciences. Catastrophe theory is based on the […]

Case-Control Study : A case-control study is a type of observational study commonly used in epidemiology to identify potential risk factors for a specific disease or condition. In a case-control study, the investigator selects a group of individuals with the disease or condition (cases) and a group of individuals without the disease or condition (controls), […]

Case-cohort Study : A case-cohort study is a type of observational study in which a subset of individuals from a larger population, known as the cohort, are selected for analysis. The subset consists of individuals who have developed a specific outcome of interest, known as cases, and a random sample of individuals from the cohort […]

Cascaded Parameters : Cascaded parameters refer to the process of passing parameters or values from one function or module to another, creating a chain or cascade of dependencies. This is often used in programming to break down complex tasks into smaller, more manageable pieces and to allow for reusability of code. For example, consider a […]

Cartogram : A cartogram is a type of map that uses a statistical variable, such as population or GDP, to distort the size and shape of geographic regions in order to better represent the variable of interest. The resulting map is a spatial representation of the variable, with larger regions indicating higher values and smaller […]